Description
Apolipoprotein A1 is the major protein component of HDL particles in plasma.
Chylomicrons secreted from the intestinal enterocyte also contain apo A1, but it is quickly transferred to HDL in the bloodstream.
The protein, as a component of HDL particles, enables efflux of fat molecules by accepting fats from within cells (including macrophages within the walls of arteries which have become overloaded with ingested fats from oxidized LDL particles) for transport (in the water outside cells) elsewhere, including back to LDL particles or to the liver for excretion.
It is a cofactor for lecithin cholesterolacyltransferase (LCAT) which is responsible for the formation of most plasma cholesteryl esters. Apo A1 was also isolated as a prostacyclin (PGI2) stabilizing factor, and thus may have an anticlotting effect.[12] Defects in the gene encoding it are associated with HDL deficiencies, including Tangier disease, and with systemic non-neuropathic amyloidosis.
ApoA1 is often used as a biomarker for prediction of cardiovascular diseases. The ratio apoB-100/apoA1 (i.e. LDL & larger particles vs. HDL particles), NMR measured Lipoprotein (LDL/HDL) particle ratios even more so, has always had a stronger correlation with myocardial infarction event rates than older methods of measuring lipid transport in the water outside cells